The spelling can depend on when a word was borrowed or coined, and that's not much help for spelling correctly.
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Of course, when you see that list, you can see that the word grapheme literally – LITERALLY literally – already means 'marker.'
"An orthography will use whatever tools it has at its disposal to represent its language."
I have been studying these patterns closely for the better part of a decade. I kind of can't believe that I haven't written in depth about this before. I've certainly written some, and talked some, hither and yon, but here is the story I really want to tell.
The real question here is actually, "Why are these words spelled the way they are?"